<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
Lists and tuples are two of the most commonly used data structures in Python, with dictionaries being the third. Lists and tuples have many similarities:
<ul>
<li>They are both sequence data types that store a collection of items</li>
<li>They can store items of any data type</li>
<li>And any item is accessible via its index.</li>
</ul>
So the question we're trying to answer here is, how are they different? And if there is no difference between the two, why should we have the two? Can't we have either lists or tuples?
<blockquote>
In this article, we will show how lists and tuples differ from each other.
</blockquote>
<h2 id="syntaxdifference">Syntax Difference</h2>
In Python, lists and tuples are declared in different ways. A list is created using square brackets <code>[]</code> whereas the tuple is created using parenthesis <code>()</code>:
<pre><code class="hljs">tuple_names = (&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;)
list_names = [&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
print(tuple_names)
print(list_names)
</code></pre>
This will result in:
<pre><code class="hljs">(&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;)
[&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
</code></pre>
We defined a tuple named <code>tuple_names</code> and a list named <code>list_names</code>. In the tuple definition, we used parenthesis <code>()</code> while in the list definition, we used square brackets <code>[]</code>.
Python's <code>type()</code> method helps easily identify the type of an object:
<pre><code class="hljs">print(type(tuple_names)) # &lt;class &#x27;tuple&#x27;&gt;
print(type(list_names)) # &lt;class &#x27;list&#x27;&gt;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="mutablevsimmutable">Mutable vs Immutable</h2>
Lists are mutable while tuples are immutable, and this marks the key difference between the two. What does this mean?
<blockquote>
We can change/modify the values of a list but we cannot change/modify the values of a tuple.
</blockquote>
Since lists are mutable, we can't use a list as a key in a dictionary. This is because only an immutable object can be used as a key in a dictionary. Thus, we can use tuples as dictionary keys if needed.
Let's take a look at an example that demonstrates the difference between lists and tuples in terms of immutability. Let us create a list of different names:
<pre><code class="hljs">names = [&quot;Nicholas&quot;, &quot;Michelle&quot;, &quot;Alex&quot;]
</code></pre>
Let us see what will happen if we attempt to change the first element of the list from <code>Nicholas</code> to <code>Samuel</code>:
<pre><code class="hljs">names[0] = &quot;Samuel&quot;
</code></pre>

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 Note: The first element is at index <code>0</code>.

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 Now, let us display the contents of the list:
<pre><code class="hljs">print(names)
</code></pre>
This will print out the updated list:
<pre><code class="hljs">[&#x27;Samuel&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
</code></pre>
What if we attempt to do the same with a tuple? First, let's create a tuple:
<pre><code class="hljs"> names = (&quot;Nicholas&quot;, &quot;Michelle&quot;, &quot;Alex&quot;)
</code></pre>
Let us now attempt to change the first element of the tuple from <code>Nicholas</code> to <code>Samuel</code>:
<pre><code class="hljs">names[0] = &quot;Samuel&quot;
</code></pre>
This will result in the following error:
<pre><code class="hljs">Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;pyshell#7&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
 names[0] = &quot;Samuel&quot;
TypeError: &#x27;tuple&#x27; object does not support item assignment
</code></pre>
We got an error that a tuple object does not support item assignment. The reason is that a tuple object cannot be changed after it has been created.
<h2 id="reusedvscopied">Reused vs Copied</h2>
Tuples cannot be copied. The reason is that tuples are immutable. If you run <code>tuple(tuple_name)</code>, it will immediately return itself:
<pre><code class="hljs">names = (&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;)
copy_names = tuple(names)
print(names is copy_names)
</code></pre>
The two are the same:
<pre><code class="hljs">True
</code></pre>
In contrast, <code>list(list_name)</code> requires copying of all data to a new list:
<pre><code class="hljs">names = [&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
copy_names = list(names)
print(names is copy_names)
</code></pre>
Since <code>names</code> and <code>copy_names</code> are not the same, the result is <code>False</code>:
<pre><code class="hljs">False
</code></pre>
Next, let us discuss how the list and the tuple differ in terms of size.
<h2 id="sizedifference">Size Difference</h2>
Python allocates larger blocks of memory with a low overhead to tuples because they are immutable. On the other hand, for lists, Pythons allocate small memory blocks. At the end of it, the tuple will have a smaller memory compared to the list. This makes tuples a bit more space-efficient compared to lists when you have a large number of elements.
For example, let's create a list and a tuple containing the same elements and compare the sizes of the two:
<pre><code class="hljs">tuple_names = (&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;)
list_names = [&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
print(tuple_names.__sizeof__())
print(list_names.__sizeof__())
</code></pre>
The output shows that the list has a larger size than the tuple:
<pre><code class="hljs">48
64
</code></pre>

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 Note: The size shown is in terms of bytes.

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 <h2 id="homogeneousvsheterogeneous">Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous</h2>
Tuples are typically used to store heterogeneous elements, which are elements belonging to different data types. Lists, on the other hand, are typically used to store homogenous elements, which are elements that belong to the same type.

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 Note: This is only a semantic difference. Both data types are heterogeneous, but the convention differs. You can store elements of the same type in a tuple and elements of different types in a list, as well.

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 </div>
 The following code will run with no error despite the fact that the list has a mixture of strings and a number:
<pre><code class="hljs">list_elements = [&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, 10, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
tuple_elements = (&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &quot;Michelle&quot;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="variablelengthvsfixedlength">Variable Length vs Fixed Length</h2>
Tuples have a fixed length while lists have a variable length. This means we can change the size of a created list but we cannot change the size of an existing tuple:
<pre><code class="hljs">list_names = [&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
list_names.append(&quot;Mercy&quot;)
print(list_names)
</code></pre>
The output shows that a fourth name has been added to the list:
<pre><code class="hljs">[&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;, &#x27;Mercy&#x27;]
</code></pre>
We have used Python's <code>append()</code> method for this. We could have achieved the same via the <code>insert()</code> method:
<pre><code class="hljs">list_names = [&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;]
list_names.insert(3, &quot;Mercy&quot;)
print(list_names)
</code></pre>
The output again shows that a fourth element has been added to the list:
<pre><code class="hljs">[&#x27;Nicholas&#x27;, &#x27;Michelle&#x27;, &#x27;Alex&#x27;, &#x27;Mercy&#x27;]
</code></pre>
A Python tuple doesn't provide us with a way to change its size.
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
We can conclude that although both lists and tuples are data structures in Python, there are remarkable differences between the two, with the main difference being that lists are mutable while tuples are immutable. A list has a variable size while a tuple has a fixed size. Operations on tuples can be executed faster compared to operations on lists.

Nicholas Samuel

Dimitrije Stamenic

Lists vs Tuples in Python

Guide to Sets in Python

Guide to Dictionaries in Python

<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
Basic data types in Python allow us to store a single value under a symbolic name. This roughly follows the mathematical notation of variables. In a way, a name is assigned to a value, so you don't need to remember the actual value, nor its address in computer memory, just a simple, illustrative name.
But, if you need to store a collection of values under one variable name, basic data types won't do the job. You'll need to use more complex data structures. Python has four data types for storing a collection of values under the same name - <a href="https://stackabuse.com/lists-vs-tuples-in-python/" target="_blank">Tuple</a>, <a href="https://stackabuse.com/sets-in-python/" target="_blank">Set</a>, <a href="https://stackabuse.com/python-dictionary-tutorial/" target="_blank">Dictionary</a>, and List. We'll focus on the latter in this article.
A List is a Python data type similar to an array in any other programming language. It stores an ordered collection of values under the same name. Also, it allows duplicate values, as well as changing values of stored elements. The only difference between a List and any usual array is that not all the elements of a List need to have the same data type (it's heterogeneous). For example, one List may contain integer elements, floating-point numbers, strings, as well as other Lists, and any other data type elements:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_list = [1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;, [4, 3, 2, 1]]
</code></pre>

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 Note: You create a Python List by listing its elements between two square brackets - <code>[...]</code>. Each element is separated by a comma - <code>,</code>. Python has an <code>array</code> type, separate from Lists and shouldn't be confused with Lists.

 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <blockquote>
In this guide, we'll take a look at how to add elements to the end of a List in Python, how to merge lists, etc. using the <code>append()</code> method, and compare it to other methods used to add elements to a List - <code>extend()</code> and <code>insert()</code>.
</blockquote>
<h2 id="howtoappendelementstoapythonlistusingappend">How To Append Elements to a Python List Using append()</h2>
Appending elements to a List is equal to adding those elements to the end of an existing List. Python provides several ways to achieve that, but the method tailored specifically for that task is <code>append()</code>. It has a pretty straightforward syntax:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_list.append(element)
</code></pre>
This code snippet will add the <code>element</code> to the end of the <code>example_list</code> (which is of <code>list</code> type). As we've stated before, a list can contain elements of different data types. Therefore, <code>element</code> can be of any possible data type - <code>int</code>, <code>float</code>, <code>str</code>, <code>list</code>, <code>tuple</code>, and so on.
In the following sections, we'll go over some practical examples illustrating how to append an individual element to a list, as well as how to append one list to another.

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 <h3 id="howtoaddasingleelementtotheendofapythonlist">How To Add a Single Element to the End of a Python List</h3>
Adding a single element illustrates the main purpose of the <code>append()</code> method in Python. Let's assume you have an example list:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_list = [1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;]
</code></pre>
You would add <code>5</code> to the end of the <code>exampe_list</code> in the following way:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_lsit.append(5)
</code></pre>
Now, the <code>example_list</code> will have <code>5</code> added to its end:
<pre><code class="hljs">[1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;, 5]
</code></pre>
<h3 id="howtoappendonelisttoanotherinpython">How To Append One List to Another in Python</h3>
Assume you have two lists and want to append one to another:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_list = [1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;]
secondary_list = [4, 3, 2, 1]
</code></pre>
The <code>append()</code> method doesn't provide a way to append two lists together in one method call. If you try to append those two lists using <code>append()</code>, the whole <code>secondary_list</code> will be added as a single element of the <code>example_list</code>, creating a nested list:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_list.append(secondary_list)
print(example_list)
</code></pre>
Now, the <code>example_list</code> contains the following elements, which are probably not what you wanted in the first place:
<pre><code class="hljs">[1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;, [4, 3, 2, 1]]
</code></pre>
Appending one list into another using <code>append()</code> is achieved by iterating over all elements of a list we want to append and appending each of them to the original List :
<pre><code class="hljs">for element in secondary_list:
 example_list.append(element)

print(example_list)
</code></pre>
That way, we've appended the <code>secondary_list</code> to the end of the <code>example_list</code>:
<pre><code class="hljs">[1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;, 4, 3, 2, 1]
</code></pre>
<h2 id="alternativestoappendinpython">Alternatives to append() in Python</h2>
Python List has a couple more methods for adding elements besides <code>append()</code>. Most notably, <code>extend()</code> and <code>insert()</code>. In the following subsections, we'll get into the differences between them and the <code>append()</code> method.
<h3 id="appendvsextend">append() vs extend()</h3>
As we've seen in previous sections, <code>append()</code> is intended to add one element to the end of a List. On the other hand, <code>extend()</code> is used to add multiple elements to the end of a List - effectively, it appends one list to another. Let's see how <code>extend()</code> works:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_list = [1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;]
secondary_list = [4, 3, 2, 1]

example_list.extend(secondary_list)
print(example_list)
</code></pre>
Output:
<pre><code class="hljs">[1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;, 4, 3, 2, 1]
</code></pre>
Note how <code>extend()</code> appends two lists in one call, and the <code>append()</code> needs to be called one time for each element of a List you want to append! It's a handy method to remember as an alternative.
<h3 id="appendvsinsert">append() vs insert()</h3>
There is no way to insert an element to a specific place in a List using <code>append()</code>, it automatically adds it to the end of a List. That's where <code>insert()</code> comes into view!
Unlike <code>append()</code> and <code>extend()</code>, it accepts two arguments - one is the element you want to insert, and the other is the index of that element in a List.
For example, if you want to add <code>'asdf'</code> to the end of the <code>example_list</code> you would use <code>example_lsit.append('asdf')</code>, as we've seen in previous sections. But if you want to add it to a specific place, say, between <code>3.14</code> and <code>'abcd'</code>, you must use <code>insert()</code>:
<pre><code class="hljs">example_list = [1, 3.14, &#x27;abcd&#x27;]
# Insert element `asdf` on the index `2`
example_list.insert(2, &#x27;asdf&#x27;)

print(example_list)
</code></pre>
This results in:
<pre><code class="hljs">[1, 3.14, &#x27;asdf&#x27;,&#x27;abcd&#x27;]
</code></pre>
Note the difference in indexing of the original and resulting lists. In the original <code>example_list</code>, the element on index <code>2</code> is <code>'abcd'</code>. After adding <code>'asdf'</code>, it is on the index <code>2</code>, and the <code>'abcd'</code> is shifted to the index of <code>3</code>.
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
After reading this guide, you should have a better understanding of how to use <code>append()</code> method on Python Lists and how it compares to other Python methods for adding elements to a List.
<blockquote>
For a more in-depth comparison of those methods, you should definitely take a look at the following guide - <a href="https://stackabuse.com/append-vs-extend-in-python-lists/" target="_blank">append() vs extend() vs insert() in Python Lists</a>.
</blockquote>

David Landup

In this tutorial - learn how to append, insert and extends lists in Python with practical code examples.

Guide to Python's append() Function

<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
A character counter is a handy UI feature that displays the remaining number of characters a user can input in a text field - if a text field is bound to a relatively small input size (such as Twitter's limit on 280 characters per tweet). This feature is commonly used alongside text area and/or input field elements to notify a user of the number of used and remaining characters.
<blockquote>
In this article, we will learn how to implement a character counter for text areas in JavaScript from scratch.
</blockquote>
Probably the most famous example of a character counter is Twitter's character counter. It notifies you when the length of your tweet approaches and exceeds 280 characters, but doesn't prevent you from typing more characters. This feature is widely beloved because it doesn't cut off text when you paste a chunk of text longer than the prescribed length of characters and allows you to appropriately plan how you'll break it down into multiple tweets!
By the end of this article, you will be able to make an input field like this:
<img src="https://s3.stackabuse.com/media/articles/character-counter-for-text-areas-with-vanilla-javascript-1.gif" alt="character-counter-javascript">

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 Note: All of the code involved in creating the form will be present in the guide. Additionally, the source code and live preview are available on <a rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://codepen.io/stamd/pen/BaJJrdq">CodePen</a>.

 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="howtoimplementacharactercounterinjavascript">How to Implement a Character Counter in JavaScript</h2>
The first thing we need to set up before implementing the character counter is a basic HTML form. It will contain a <code>textarea</code> field and a text representing a character counter. It displays the maximum number of characters and the number of characters left. If the allowed number of characters is exceeded, the text changes color to red:
<pre><code class="hljs">&lt;form&gt;
 &lt;h3&gt;Write Bio: &lt;/h3&gt;
 &lt;textarea name=&quot;tweet&quot; id=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;form-control&quot; rows=&quot;10&quot; cols=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
 &lt;span id=&quot;char_count&quot;&gt;100/100&lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;button type=&quot;submit&quot;&gt;Save&lt;/button&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="declaringvariables">Declaring Variables</h3>
After creating a basic HTML form, the next step is to implement a character counter logic using JavaScript. The first step in creating the JavaScript logic is to define our variables and obtain the DOM components we'll be utilizing later. Specifically the <code>textarea</code> field and the <code>span</code> element displaying the character counter:
<pre><code class="hljs">let textArea = document.getElementById(&quot;textbox&quot;);
let characterCounter = document.getElementById(&quot;char_count&quot;);
const maxNumOfChars = 100;
</code></pre>
The <code>textArea</code> will be used to add an event that will activate the logic function. There are numerous events we can use, but the <code>keyup</code> is the best fit for this use case since it will trigger the logic function every time a key is pushed - a character is added or removed from the <code>textarea</code>. The <code>characterCounter</code> is used to display the character counter, and the <code>maxNumOfChars</code> defines the maximum number of characters a user can enter.
<h3 id="implementingthelogic">Implementing The Logic</h3>
The next step would be to create the fundamental logic that allows us to determine the length of the text typed into the <code>textArea</code>, as well as to deduct the length from the maximum number of characters we've chosen. This is what the structure of the logic function could look like:
<pre><code class="hljs">const countCharacters = () =&gt; {
 // Calculate the number of characters entered into the textarea
 // Calculate the number of characters left
 // Display this number in the span tag
};
</code></pre>
And here is how the implementation of the mentioned structure looks like:
<pre><code class="hljs">const countCharacters = () =&gt; {
 let numOfEnteredChars = textArea.value.length;
 let counter = maxNumOfChars - numOfEnteredChars;
 characterCounter.textContent = counter + &quot;/100&quot;;
};
</code></pre>

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 Note: Please keep in mind that <code>countCharacters()</code> does not handle any style at the moment. For example, we'd like to turn the counter color to red when the maximum number of characters is being approached or exceeded. We'll implement this in a moment, since it's a more subjective type of addition.

 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 Finally, in order for this to work, we must add an <code>eventListener</code> that will trigger/call this method anytime a character is added/removed from the <code>textarea</code> field by using the <code>input</code> event. Alternatively, we can use the <code>keyup</code> or <code>keydown</code> events instead:
<pre><code class="hljs">textArea.addEventListener(&quot;input&quot;, countCharacters);
</code></pre>
<h3 id="customizingthecountercolor">Customizing The Counter Color</h3>
We'd like to 'alert' a user when the defined maximum number of characters is surpassed as well as when they're approaching it. This is readily accomplished by using conditional statements where we check if the <code>counter</code> is less than zero or less than, say, <code>20</code> if we want to alert them that they're approaching the limit:
<pre><code class="hljs">if (counter &lt; 0) {
 characterCounter.style.color = &quot;red&quot;;
} else if (counter &lt; 20) {
 characterCounter.style.color = &quot;orange&quot;;
} else {
 characterCounter.style.color = &quot;black&quot;;
}
</code></pre>
Here, we've only changed the text based on the number of characters left. There's a lot you can change there. For example, you can disable the <code>textarea</code> if too many characters are typed, truncate the content automatically, and so on.
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
In this short guide - we've taken a look at how to create a character counter and attach it to a text area in JavaScript, from scratch, with minimal and performant code.

Joel Olawanle

In this tutorial, you'll learn how to implement a custom character counter for text areas in JavaScript, from scratch.

Character Counter for Text Areas with Vanilla JavaScript

<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
An <code>Array</code> in JavaScript is a standardized, built-in object used to store multiple objects under the same name. In simple terms, you can look at the <code>Array</code> object as an array in any other programming language. It is essentially a class that encapsulates an array (an ordered list of values) and all necessary methods you might need to perform array operations.
The fact every array is ordered means that the place of each element is of great importance. In fact, you can't even extract the value of an element if you don't know its place in the original array.
During iteration, the index of the current element may be relevant to you. This is very straightforward to achieve using the <code>index</code> parameter of the <code>forEach()</code> method.
<blockquote>
In this article, we'll see how to get the current element's array index in JavaScript using the <code>forEach()</code> method.
</blockquote>
<h3 id="foreachmethodbasics">forEach() Method Basics</h3>
The <code>forEach()</code> is a method of the <code>Array</code> class. You can use it to loop through an array and perform a certain operation on each of its elements - though, <code>map()</code> is more commonly used for this purpose. You can customize the performed operations using a callback function - a function passed as a parameter of the <code>forEach()</code> method. A callback function is a simple function that defines the operation to be performed on a single element, and the <code>forEach()</code> method makes sure it will be performed on each element of an array.
The <code>forEach()</code> method has a pretty straightforward syntax:
<pre><code class="hljs">forEach(callback(currentElement, index, arr), thisValue);
</code></pre>
As we've stated before, the <code>forEach()</code> method accepts a <code>callback</code> function that runs on each entry in the array. This <code>callback</code> function takes in three arguments, of which we are only concerned about two - the <code>currentElement</code> which is a required parameter, and its <code>index</code> which is the position of the <code>currentElement</code> in the array.
<h3 id="howtogettheindexofthecurrentelementusingforeachmethod">How to Get the Index of the Current Element Using forEach() Method</h3>
Suppose we have an array of students, and would like to access the index of each element as we're processing them. We'll make use of the <code>index</code> argument, and simply print it out:
<pre><code class="hljs">const students = [&quot;Mark&quot;, &quot;Jane&quot;, &quot;John&quot;, &quot;Sarah&quot;];

students.forEach((student, index) =&gt; {
 console.log(`The index for ${student} is ${index}`);
});
</code></pre>
Output:
<pre><code class="hljs">&quot;The index for Mark is 0&quot;
&quot;The index for Jane is 1&quot;
&quot;The index for John is 2&quot;
&quot;The index for Sarah is 3&quot;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
In this short article, we've explained how to use the <code>index</code> parameter to get the current array index of elements in an <code>Array</code> using the <code>forEach()</code> method.

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 Note: If you need to dig deeper into the <code>forEach()</code> method in JavaScript, read our <a href="https://stackabuse.com/guide-to-javascripts-foreach-method/" target="_blank">Guide to JavaScript's forEach()</a>.

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In this short tutorial, learn how to get the index of an element inside of the `forEach()` method of the JavaScript array class.

Get the Current Array Index in JavaScript's forEach()

In this guide, learn everything you need to know about JavaScript's forEach() Method - loop through array, set or map, sum elements or their fields, variable scope, optional parameters, async/await, how to break out of a forEach()/for loop as well as the difference between forEach() and for.

Guide to JavaScript's forEach() Method

Guide to Creating Charts in JavaScript With Chart.js

Anđela Niketić

Jovana Ninkovic

In this guide, learn the theory and implementation of Breadth-First Search and Breadth-First Traversal (BFS and BFT) in Python, with practical code examples.